Privileges<\/p>\n
sudo command – run command as root
\nsudo su – open a root shell
\nsudo su user – open a shell as user
\nsudo -k – forget sudo passwords
\ngksudo command – visual sudo dialog (GNOME)
\nkdesudo command – visual sudo dialog (KDE)
\nsudo visudo – edit \/etc\/sudoers
\ngksudo nautilus – root file manager (GNOME)
\nkdesudo konqueror – root file manager (KDE)
\npasswd – change your password<\/p>\n
Display<\/p>\n
sudo \/etc\/init.d\/gdm restart – restart X (GNOME)
\nsudo \/etc\/init.d\/kdm restart – restart X (KDE)
\n(file) \/etc\/X11\/xorg.conf – display configuration
\nsudo dpkg-reconfigure -phigh xserver-xorg – reset X configuration
\nCtrl+Alt+Bksp – restart X display if frozen
\nCtrl+Alt+FN – switch to tty N
\nCtrl+Alt+F7 – switch back to X display<\/p>\n
This command will usually tell you the vendor and model of your graphic card
\nlist
\nlspci
\nlspci -v
\nlspci -v | less<\/p>\n
System Services<\/p>\n
start service – start job service (Upstart)
\nstop service – stop job service (Upstart)
\nstatus service – check if service is running (Upstart)
\n\/etc\/init.d\/service start – start service (SysV)
\n\/etc\/init.d\/service stop – stop service (SysV)
\n\/etc\/init.d\/service status – check service (SysV)
\n\/etc\/init.d\/service restart – restart service (SysV)
\nrunlevel – get current runlevel<\/p>\n
Package Management<\/p>\n
apt-get update – refresh available updates
\napt-get upgrade – upgrade all packages
\napt-get dist-upgrade – upgrade Ubuntu version
\napt-get install pkg – install pkg
\napt-get remove pkg – uninstall pkg
\napt-get autoremove – remove obsolete packages
\napt-get -f install – try to fix broken packages
\ndpkg \u2013configure -a – try to fix broken packages
\ndpkg -i pkg.deb – install file pkg.deb
\n(file) \/etc\/apt\/sources.list – APT repository list<\/p>\n
Network<\/p>\n
ifconfig – show network information
\niwconfig – show wireless information
\nsudo iwlist scan – scan for wireless networks
\nsudo \/etc\/init.d\/networking restart – reset network
\n(file) \/etc\/network\/interfaces – manual configuration
\nifup interface – bring interface online
\nifdown interface – disable interface<\/p>\n
Special Packages<\/p>\n
ubuntu-desktop – standard Ubuntu environment
\nkubuntu-desktop – KDE desktop
\nxubuntu-desktop – XFCE desktop
\nubuntu-minimal – core Ubuntu utilities
\nubuntu-standard – standard Ubuntu utilities
\nubuntu-restricted-extras – non-free, but useful
\nkubuntu-restricted-extras – KDE of the above
\nxubuntu-restricted-extras – XFCE of the above
\nbuild-essential – packages used to compile programs
\nlinux-image-generic – latest generic kernel image
\nlinux-headers-generic – latest build headers<\/p>\n
Firewall<\/p>\n
ufw enable – turn on the firewall
\nufw disable – turn off the firewall
\nufw default allow – allow all connections by default
\nufw default deny – drop all connections by default
\nufw status – current status and rules
\nufw allow port – allow traffic on port
\nufw deny port – block port
\nufw deny from ip – block ip adress<\/p>\n
Application Names<\/p>\n
nautilus – file manager (GNOME)
\ndolphin – file manager (KDE)
\nkonqueror – web browser\/filemanager (KDE)
\nkate – text editor (KDE)
\ngedit – text editor (GNOME)<\/p>\n
System<\/p>\n
Recovery – Type the phrase \u201cREISUB\u201d while
\nholding down Alt and SysRq (PrintScrn) with
\nabout 1 second between each letter. Your system
\nwill reboot.
\nlsb_release -a – get Ubuntu version
\nuname -r – get kernel version
\nuname -a – get all kernel information<\/p>\n
Moving around in the file system<\/p>\n
pwd “Print working directory” – show what dir you’re in.
\nls -List the contents of a dir.
\nls -l -List the contents of a dir and show additional info of the files.
\nls -a -List all files, including hidden files.
\ncd -Change directory.
\ncd .. -Go to the parent directory.<\/p>\n
Manipulating files and directories<\/p>\n
cp -Copy a file.
\ncp -i -Copy a file and ask before overwriting.
\ncp -r -Copy a directory with its contents.
\nmv -Move or rename a file.
\nmv -i -Move or rename a file and ask before overwriting.
\nrm -Remove a file.
\nrm -r -Remove a directory with its contents.
\nrm -i -Ask before removing a file. Good to use with the -r option.
\nmkdir -Make a directory.
\nrmdir -Remove an empty directory.<\/p>\n
zipping\/taring<\/p>\n
tar -cvzf mytar.tar.gz sourcefilesordir – creates a new tar file, verbose options on, runs it through gnuzip,f is the filename
\ntar -xvf mytar.tar.gz destination – extracts a tar file (this example is compressed with gzip), verbosely, f is the filename
\ngzip fileordir – compresses a file with gzip.
\ngunzip file.gz – decompresses a file with gzip.
\nNB gzip only compresses files, it doesn\u2019t collect them into a single file like a tarball does.<\/p>\n
More Commands<\/p>\n
Arrow Up: scrolls and edits the command history, press enter to activate.
\nShift+pgup: scrolls terminal output up
\nShift+pgdown: scrolls terminal output down
\nCTRL-ALT+DEL reboots the system
\nShutdown -h now turns the system off
\nCTRL C kills the current process
\nCTRL S Stops the tranfer to the terminal
\nCTRL Q Resumes the transfer to the terminal
\nCTRL Z Puts the current process in the background.<\/p>\n
hostname – Shows the host name of the system you are on Privileges sudo command – run command as root sudo su – open a root shell sudo su user – open a shell as user sudo -k – forget sudo passwords gksudo command – visual sudo dialog (GNOME) kdesudo command – visual sudo dialog (KDE) sudo visudo – edit \/etc\/sudoers gksudo nautilus – root file manager… <\/p>\n
\nwhoami Displays your login name
\ndate – Displays what your machine thinks the date is
\nwho – Shows who is logged into the machine
\nrwho-a -Shows all users logged into the server network
\nfinger
\nlast – Show the last users logged into the machine
\nuptime – Shows the systems uptime
\nPS – Shows the current user processes
\nPS -A – Shows all process on the system
\nuname -A -Displays all info on your host.
\nfree -Shows the free memory in KB
\ndf -h -Shows the disk space details
\ncat\/proc\/cpuinfo -Shows the CPU information
\ncat\/proc\/filesystems -Shows the file system information in use
\ncat\/etc\/printcap -Shows if any printers are hooked up
\nlsmod -Shows the kernel modules loaded
\n<\/user><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"